Ludovico’s rule coincided with a turbulent period in Italian history, marked by the rivalry of Italian city-states, the growing influence of foreign powers like France and Spain, and the complex dynamics of the Italian Wars. Ludovico sought to consolidate his power and expand Milan's influence.

He pursued an ambitious foreign policy, including inviting Charles VIII of France to press his claim on the Kingdom of Naples. This decision inadvertently opened the door for the French invasion of Italy in 1494, which marked the beginning of prolonged conflicts known as the Italian Wars. Ludovico’s alliance with France was initially aimed at securing his position and weakening rival Italian states such as Naples and Venice. However, it ultimately backfired, destabilizing the region and threatening Milan itself.

Despite the political chaos, Ludovico worked to strengthen Milan's internal structures and military. He was known for his patronage of skilled condottieri (mercenary captains), fortifying Milan’s defenses against the growing threat of French and Swiss forces.

Patronage of the Arts and Culture

One of Ludovico Sforza’s most enduring legacies is his remarkable patronage of the arts. His court became a vibrant center of Renaissance culture, attracting some of the greatest artists and thinkers of the era.

Most famously, Ludovico was a patron and supporter of Leonardo da Vinci, commissioning the artist for various works, including the iconic "The Last Supper" fresco in the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. Leonardo also worked on engineering projects, military designs, and architectural plans under Ludovico’s patronage.

Ludovico’s court also attracted other luminaries such as the sculptor Donato Bramante, the poet Baldassare Castiglione, and the musician Josquin des Prez. Through his cultural investments, Ludovico helped Milan become a beacon of Renaissance innovation, blending art, science, and politics. shutdown123